Research reveals global increase in wildfires due to climate change despite human interventions

Oct. 25, 2024 — Researchers have made a direct link between climate change and the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires around the world, while also linking it to thousands of smoke-related deaths over the last several decades.

In two separate papers, research teams from Dalhousie University, Belgium, the UK and Japan studied the extent of wildfires and their effect on human health, finding worsening outcomes for both, Dalhousie University reported in a press statement.

The team estimates there were fewer than 669 wildfire smoke-related deaths annually from 1960 to 1970, but that rose to 12,566 a year from 2010 to 2020.

One study, published in Nature Climate Change, compared wildfire models with and without the effects of climate changes, showing an increase in the occurrence and strength of wildfires in many regions, including sensitive ecosystems in African savannas, Australia and Siberia.

However, in Africa, where up to 70 per cent of the global burnt area is located, the was a marked decline in wildfires due.to increase human activity and land fragmentation, whereas in forested areas the number of fires is increasing due to longer periods of drought and higher temperatures linked to climate change.

“The study is important because it shows and quantifies the influence of climate change on increasing wildfires worldwide, especially given the impacts of wildfire on society and its feedback to climate change,” said Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, an associate professor in Dalhousie’s department of earth and environmental sciences, in a media statement.

The team used models that considered various factors such as climate, vegetation and population density.

The researchers stress that while human activities such as fire suppression and landscape management can have a dampening effect, this is often not enough to fully counteract the impact of climate change, especially in years with extreme weather.

“What is striking is that in periods with low to moderate numbers of fires, direct human interventions have a large effect,” said Seppe Lampe, a climate scientist and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and one of the lead authors of the study, in a press release.

“However, in periods with many fires, the effect of climate change dominates, meaning that in these cases we lose control.”

The simulations show climate change increased global burned area by almost 16 per cent for 2003 to 2019 and increased the probability of experiencing months with above-average global burned area by 22 per cent.

Moreover, the contribution of climate change to burned area increased by 0.22 per cent per year globally, with the largest increase in Central Australia, the university reported in a press statement.

“Our results highlight the importance of immediate, drastic and sustained greenhouse gas emission reductions along with landscape and fire management strategies to stabilise fire impacts on lives, livelihoods and ecosystems,” the paper states.

A separate paper, also published in Nature Climate Change, found that climate change may have increased the proportion of wildfire smoke-related deaths tenfold over roughly five decades, a phenomenon that had been largely unquantified.

Researchers, including those from the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Japan, used fire-vegetation models in combination with a chemical transport model and health risk assessment framework to attribute global human mortality from fire fine particulate matter emissions to climate change between 1960 and 2019.

They found that between one and three per cent of fire deaths in the 1960s were attributable to climate change, while up to 28 per cent were in the 2010s depending on the model used, the university stated in their media release.

South America, Australia, Europe and the boreal forests of Asia had the highest levels of mortality.

Kou-Giesbrecht said that if the current pace of climate change continues, the area of burnt land and associated health impacts will increase significantly in the coming decades.